William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

Born: 26 April 1564 (Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England)

Died: 23 April 1616 (Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire, England)

Period: English Renaissance, Elizabethan Era

Father: John Shakespeare

Mother : Mary Shakespeare

Wife : Anne Hathaway (8 years senior to Shakespeare)
Occupation : English Dramatist, Actor
Titles:
_ National poet of England          
_ The greatest dramatist     
_ The greatest superstar of the world
_ King without crown                   
_ The Bard of Avon
Comment

·        William Shakespeare কে Poet of Human Nature হিসেবে অ্যাখ্যায়িত করেছেন Dr. Samuel Johnson

Shakespeare was famous for

·        37 plays  

·        154 sonnets

·        3 narrative poems

·       

তিনি Jacobean Period এ অনেক গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নাটক লিখলেও তাঁকে Elizabethan period এর নাট্যকার বলা হয়।

·        তাঁর জীবদ্দশায় ১৮ টি নাটক প্রকাশিত হয়।

·        তাঁর প্রত্যেকটি নাটক পাঁচটি অঙ্কে বিভক্ত।

·        তিনি ছিলে Shakespearean Sonnet এর প্রবর্তক।

·        তাঁর রচিত সনেটের ধরণ ছিল: Three quatrains and a couplet (4+4+4+2)

·        তাঁর রচিত সনেটের অন্ত্যমিলগুলো হল: abab, cdcd, efef, gg

Shakespeare wrote four types of play:

1.      Tragedy (12)

2.      Comedy (12)

3.      Tragi-Comedy

4.      Historical Play

Tragi-comedy

_ The Merchant of Venice;

_ All’s Well That Ends Well;

_ Measure for Measure

Tragi-comedy সম্পর্কিত কিছু তথ্য:

·        Character of The Merchant of Venice : Antonio, Shylock (Jewish), Portia, Bossanio, Lorenzo

·        Measure for measure কে Dark/Black comedy/problem play ও বলা হয়|

Historical Play

·        তিনি তিনজন রাজাকে নিয়ে ১০ টি  Historical Play রচনা করেন।

_ King Henry

_ King John

_ King Richard

Comedies:

_ As You Like It;

_ The Comedy of Errors;

_ Love’s Labour’s Lost;

_ A Midsummer Night’s Dream;

_ Much Ado About Nothing;

_ The Tempest;

_ Twelfth Night;

_ Or What You Will;

_ The Two Gentlemen of Verona;

_ The Two Noble Kinsmen;

_ The Winter’s Tale;

_ The Taming of the Shrew;

_ Cymbeline;

_ Troilus and Cressida

Comedy সম্পর্কিত তথ্যাবলী:

·        As You Like It এর চরিত্রগুলো হলো : Orlando, Rosalind, Celia, Duke Senior

·        Comedy of Errors এর বাংলা অনুবাদ করেছেন ঈশ্বরচন্দ্র বিদ্যাসাগর ‘ভ্রান্তিবিলাস’ নামে।

·        The Taming of the Shrew এর বিখ্যাত বাংলা অনুবাদ করেন মুনীর চৌধুরী মুখরা রমনী বশীকরণ নামে।

·        The Tempest এর বিখ্যাত চরিত্র হলো: Calliban

·        The Tempest কে বলা হয় Shakespeare এর Swan song (Last work)।

·        The Tempest নাটকটি প্রথম মঞ্চস্থ হয় While Hall G 1611 সালের 1 নভেম্বর রাজা জেমসের সামনে।

 

Tragedies:

_ Romeo and Juliet;

_ Coriolanus;

_ Titus Andronicus;

_ Timon of Athens;

_ Julius Caesar;

_ Macbeth;

_ Hamlet;

_ King Lear;

_ Othello;

_ Antonio and Cleopatra

Tragedy সম্পর্কিত কিছু তথ্য:

·        Hamlet এর আভিধানিক অর্থ A small village that doesn’t have its own church

·     Hamlet এ চরিত্রগুলো হলো - King Hamlet ; Price Hamlet; Gurtrude; Claudius; Horatio; Ophelia; Laertes

·        Macbeth এ চরিত্রগুলো হলো - King Duncan (Scotland এর রাজা); Three witches; Macbeth ; Lady Macbeth; Banquo

·        Othello হচ্ছে Domestic Tragedy|

·        Othello এ চরিত্রগুলো হলো - Othello (the moor); Desdemona; Brabantio; Iago; Cassio

·        King Lear is a tragedy of arrogant king.

·        Characters of King Lear: King Lear; Goneril; Regan; Cordelia

·        The Betrayer of Julius Caesar- Brutus.

·        Antonio and Cleopatra এর রাণী ক্লিওপেট্রাকে বলা হয়- Serpent of the Nile (নীল নদের সর্প)|

Note: Caesar and Cleopatra নামে বিখ্যাত Play টি লিখেছেন George Bernard Shaw

·        Shakespeare এর অসমাপ্ত Tragedy হলো : Timon of Athens|

 

 Poems:
_ Shakespeare’s Sonnets;
_ Venus and Adonis;
_ The Rape of Lucrece;
_ The Passionate Pilgrim;
_ The Phoenix and The Turtle;
_ A Lover’s Complaint.
Famous Quotations:

No	Quotes	Book Name
1.	“To be, or not to be: that is the question”	Hamlet
2.	“A little more than kin, and less than kind.”	Hamlet
3.	“Brevity is the soul of wit”	Hamlet
4.	“When Sorrows come, they come not single spies, but in battalions.”	Hamlet
5.	Frailty , thy name is woman.	Hamlet
6.	The play is a thing, where I will catch the conscience of the king.	Hamlet
7.	There is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so.	Hamlet
8.	There is divinity that shapes our ends.	Hamlet
9.	“Cowards die many times before their deaths; The Valiant never taste of death but once.”	Julius Caesar
10.	Veni, Vidi, Vici (I came, I saw, I conquered)	Julius Caesar
11.	“The devil can cite scripture for his purpose.”	The Merchant of Venice
12.	“I like not fair terms and a villain’s mind.”	The Merchant of Venice
13.	“All that glisters is not gold.”	The Merchant of Venice
14.	“It is a wise father that knows his own child.”	The Merchant of Venice
15.	“Love is blind”	The Merchant of Venice
16.	“The course of true love never did run smooth.”	A Midsummer Night’s Dream
17.	“I am a man more sinned against than sinning.”	King Lear
18.	“My love is more richer than my tongue.”	King Lear
19.	“Nothing will come of nothing.”	King Lear
20.	“Have more than thou showest, speak less than thou knowest, lend less than thou owest.”	King Lear
21.	Thankless children are sharper than poisonous snakes.	King Lear
22.	“Fair is foul, and foul is fair.”	Macbeth
23.	“Double, double toil and trouble; Fire burn, and cauldron bubble.”	Macbeth
24.	“All the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this little hand.”	Macbeth
25.	“Look like the innocent flower, but be the serpent under’t.”	Macbeth
26.	“It is a tale by an Idiot, full of sound and fury, signifying nothing.”	Macbeth
27.	Your face is a book, Where man may read strange matters.	Macbeth
28.	Life is but a walking shadow.	Macbeth
29.	Life is a tale, told by an idiot	Macbeth
30.	“Men shut the door against the setting sun.”	Timon of Athens
31.	“Every man has his fault, and honesty is his.”	Timon of Athens
32.	“Life’s uncertain voyage.”	Timon of Athens
33.	“These words are razors to my wounded heart.”	Titus Andronicus
34.	“Sweet mercy is nobility’s true badge.”	Titus Andronicus
35.	“True is it that we have seen better days.”	As you like it
36.	“The fool man doth think he is wise, but the wise man knows himself to be a fool.”	As you like it
37.	All the world’s a stage And all the men and women are merely players	As you like it
38.	Sweet are the usages of adversity	As you like it
39.	“The miserable have no other medicine but only hope.”	Measure for Measure
40.	“Some rise by sin and some by virtue fall.”	Measure for Measure
41.	“A man can die but once.”	Henry IV Part 2
42.	“Uneasy lies the head that wears a crown.”	Henry IV
43.	“The first thing we do, let’s kill all the lawyers. “	Henry VI Part 2
44.	“Small things make base men proud.”	Henry VI Part 2
45.	“True Nobility is exempt from fear.”	Henry VI Part 2
46.	Men of few words are the best men.”	Henry V
47.	Some are born great, some achieve greatness and some have greatness thrust upon them	Twelfth Night
48.	Love sought is good but given unsought is better	Twelfth Night